
Graph embeddings complement relatedness measures in models of economic diversification. Analyses of international trade and public procurement show that their predictive contribution varies by scale and target: relatedness is especially informative about entry, while embeddings add information about specialization magnitude.
Figure: Entity clusters in the embedding space, comparing firms and countries. Sturm, Candia, Damásio and Pinheiro (2026), Figure 2. CC BY 4.0. Original figure.